Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast Cancer Essay Is it true that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer? Can breast cancer be treated? Are there signs and symptoms that individuals can check to know if breast cancer really occurs in them? These are just some of the essential questions that this paper will attempt to answer. It will also attain to reintroduce breast cancer’s definition, history of recovery, signs and causes, statistical information, diagnosis, breast cancer myths, risk factors, as well as, treatment. Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A 34-year-old woman, named Susan has been told by the family doctor that she has a breast cancer. When she asked about it, the doctor initially explained it as â€Å"a type of cancer that forms in tissues of the breasts, typically in the ducts or the areas where milk goes through till it reaches the nipple, as well as, the lobules or the glands which produces milk† (National.. n.p.). History of Discovery The doctor also told Susan that the aforementioned disease has been observed in Egypt way back in approximately 1600 BC (Wikipedia n.p.). Back then he stated that, â€Å"tumors of the breasts were addressed or treated by cauterization through an instrument they technically refer to as the fire drill though they openly admitted that there is no cure for such† (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor also added that, centuries later experts found â€Å"a relationship between the lymph nodes found in the armpits and cancer of the breast, in fact, Jean Louis Petit and Benjamin Bell were the first ones to get rid of the lymph nodes, breast tissue, as well as, a primary muscle in the chest† (Wikipedia n.p.). The doctor, to make Susan stay calm, mentioned that such surgery has been very successful thus it was also done by William Halsted during the next century or 1882 to be exact, in fact, until the 1970’s, this procedure remained to be the most successful surgical procedure to address the aforementioned condition (Wikipedia n.p.). Signs and Symptoms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since Susan was complaining about the physical changes in her body that she observed prior to be being diagnosed as having breast cancer, the doctor also told her that the signs and symptoms of breast cancer include the following: First of all, if there is a lump in the breast then there is a possibility that a person has breast cancer (Mayo.. n.p.). Second, there is also a probability that breast cancer may occur if the nipple/s of an individual discharges blood and has a lump that goes along with it (Mayo.. n.p.). Third, there may be an occurrence of breast cancer if there exist a â€Å"retraction, flattening, or indentation of the nipple† (Mayo.. n.p.). Fourth, if the size of the breast and its contours changes, then it is possible that breast cancer is in existence (Mayo.. n.p.). Last but not least, redness of the skin on the breast area may signify breast cancer as well (Mayo.. n.p.). Upon hearing the aforementioned, Susan remembers that she mainly complained about sign symptoms number one in the right breast, something she has been complaining about for about 16 months. Statistical Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan has been feeling weird and a little scared and so she decided to look into medical and health magazines, internet sites, as well as, books to check if she is going to make it or not, if she’s going to die etcetera and here’s a statistical information that she stumbled upon: 1) â€Å"Deaths brought about by breast cancer already reached forty thousand four hundred sixty (40,460) for females and four hundred fifty for the males (450)† (National.. n.p.); 2) â€Å"Unfortunately, there are new cases reported as well, there are one hundred seventy eight thousand four hundred eighty (178, 480) females and two thousand and thirty (2,030) males now who currently have breast cancer† (National.. n.p.). And the aforementioned is in the United States only (National.. n.p.); 3) â€Å"In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, twelve thousand four hundred (12,400) individuals or more die each year because of breast cancer† (National.. n.p.). In fact, in 2003 alone, there were forty three thousand and seven hundred fifty six women and there were three hundred thirty five (335) men who were diagnosed and reported to have breast cancer (National.. n.p.). Diagnosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During that time, Susan was also in denial that is why she researched on her own. She found out that: Breast cancer may be diagnosed through the following: 1) breast self-examination; 2) clinical breast exam; 3) mammogram including screening mammograms, diagnostic mammograms; 4) computer-aided detection; 5) digital mammography; 6) magnetic resonance imaging; 7) â€Å"ultrasonography†; 8) ductal lavage; 9) molecular breast imaging; 10) diagnostic procedures like ultrasound; 11) biopsy including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, core-needle biopsy, stereotactic biopsy, wire localization, surgical biopsy; 12) estrogen and progesterone receptor tests; 13) staging tests; and 14) genetic tests (Mayo.. n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During this time, she was already prepared to believe that she really does not have breast cancer because she had a mammogram performed in March 1989 and again in February 1999, wherein, the results both showed that it is normal. Although, she had to try to accept it or at least entertain that it might be true when an ultrasound was also carried out where it was detected that a fibrocystic lump exists and that it was benign. Breast Cancer Myths After the detection of the fibrocystic lump, Susan began to reflect on her way of life, what could have caused the lump to exist inside of her body†¦she actually thought that it may be because of her use of deodorants, ‘underwired’ brassieres, stress from work, as well as, injury to the breasts which she got from playing basketball when she was in college and still a part of a varsity team. It is not very surprising that Susan thought of those as the primary reasons for the lump since there are so many myths that are related to breast cancer and some of the most popular ones are the following: First of all, some individuals claim that deodorants bring about breast cancer, however, currently, no studies have been carried out yet that may confirm or deny such belief of some people (Breast.. n.p.).   Second, some people think that wearing ‘underwired’ brassieres bring about cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Just like the first myth though, no evidence have been found to conclude such a statement (Breast.. n.p.). Third, there are individuals who think that stress can bring about breast cancer, however, research studies have not yet been able to establish an extremely clear link to conclude that such is really possible (Breast.. n.p.). Fourth, there are people who claim that â€Å"living near electricity pylons cause breast cancer† but no evidences have been presented ever since that breast cancer may be associated to electricity pylons (Breast.. n.p.).    Fifth, some individuals say that an injury to the breast augments the probability that breast cancer may occur (Breast.. n.p.). However, no evidences have been presented to back up such claim (Breast.. n.p.). Sixth, people claim that females who are young are more likely to be detected with breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). Well, statistical information denies this, in fact, eighty percent of all the cases in the UK occur in females who are already fifty years old and above (Breast.. n.p.). Seventh, there are individuals who believe that if a person feels pain or discomfort in his or her breasts, then it is already safe to say that an individual is suffering from breast cancer (Breast.. n.p.). However, experts explain that there are so many reasons why breasts may be painful, for instance, this may be related to the menstrual cycle (Breast.. n.p.). Eighth, some people say that getting pregnant increases the probability of suffering from breast cancer later (Breast.. n.p.). On the contrary, experts have found evidence linking early pregnancy to breast cancer risk being reduced (Breast.. n.p.). They also reiterated that the more babies a woman gives birth to then the lower the risk of getting such cancer (Breast.. n.p.). In light of the detection of the lump, instead of getting more focused with the myths, Susan should have gotten a second opinion. If in case she did that, and the biopsy results will show that an â€Å"infiltrating lobular carcinoma† already exists and that it is already in stage IIa then a more extensive treatment would be provided to her. Risk Factors   Ã‚   The aforementioned are really just myths, they were never provided with evidences to establish that those are really linked with breast cancer. Susan was told by her doctor that the main risk factors for breast cancer, actually, include the following: 1) age; 2) age of menarche; 3) age at birth of first-born child; 4) biopsies of the breast; 5) family history; 6) occupation; 7) race; 8) hormone replacement therapy, as well as, 9) alcohol (Hales 105). Susan is only thirty four years old, never had any children, used to engage herself in binge drinking during college, and an aunt of hers had breast cancer years ago. As we can see, most of the risk factors are present in Susan’s case. Treatment            According to the experts Susan spoke to, â€Å"Breast cancer may be annihilated and for that to occur: 1) either lumpectomy or mastectomy should be carried out; 2) radiation may also be helpful; 3) drugs like taxol, taxotere, and herceptin may be taken; 4) chemotherapy; as well as, 5) hormonal therapy may be undergone by the patient† (Hales 105). Because her treatment options have been clearly explained to her, she decided to have a â€Å"right modified radical mastectomy† following a reconstruction immediately (Hales 105). During the surgery â€Å"eight lymph nodes were annihilated and the biopsy gave out a negative result† (Hales 105). After which Susan underwent chemotherapy as part of her post-surgical treatment which made her experience side effects including loss of hair and anorexia (Hales 105). Last but not least, she was also made to take in drugs named Cytoxan and prednisone (Hales 105). References       Breast Cancer Care. Statistics and Facts About Breast Cancer. 2004. Cancer Research, UK. 15 June 2007 http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/content.php?page_id=1730 Hales, D. An Invitation to Health, Eleventh Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Breast Cancer.   29 December 2006. n.a.. 15 June 2007.    http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer/DS00328/DSECTION=2 National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer. n.d. n.a. 15 June 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast Wikipedia. Breast Cancer. 14 June 2007. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 15 June 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#History

Andre Dubus IIIs House of Sand and Fog Essay -- Andre Dubus III House

Andre Dubus III's House of Sand and Fog "House of Sand and Fog," by Andre Dubus III, explores the catastrophic repercussions of a complex misunderstanding between three characters. The conflict initially involves a dispute between Kathy Nicolo and Massoud Behrani over the â€Å"rightful† ownership of a house. The county wrongfully evicts Kathy and Behrani then buys her house at an auction. When Deputy Sheriff Lester Burdon enters the situation, events quickly slip out of control. Superficially, Lester’s character is important to the novel because he acts as a catalyst, propelling the plot into unexpected action. But Lester impacts the novel in a more profound way, because were it not for his insecurity and selfishness, the rest of the characters could have been spared an avoidable tragedy. Lester’s commitment to help Kathy at all costs undeniably alters the outcome of the novel. By providing her with money for a motel, and later with shelter at a friend’s cabin, he allows her to continue avoiding the reality of the situation. If Lester had never met Kathy, she would have been forced to be upfront with her lawyer. Instead, Kathy tells herself â€Å"there a limit to how much [her lawyer] wants to help,† and continues to tell Connie Walsh that she is staying with friends (88). Knowing the severity of Kathy’s plight could have prompted Connie Walsh to more ardently pursue the county on Kathy’s behalf. Because of Lester, however, the truth is kept from the lawyer. Additionally, although proclaiming his love for her, Lester becomes a negative influence on Kathy. Under the false sense of security he provides, Kathy, a recovering alcoholic, allows herself to start drinking again after an abstinence of three ye... ...observes the situation as merely a problem that requires a quick fix, and he sets about â€Å"fixing† the situation instead of fulfilling Kathy’s emotional needs. In the tradition of a Greek tragedy, Lester’s insecurity is his hamartia, his tragic flaw. His egocentrism stems from this, causing him to overlook the needs of others in his quest for self-justification. This is not to say that the awful outcome of the novel can be attributed to Lester alone. All three main characters fail to understand one another and rush to false assumptions based on cultural differences. But the fatalities of the scenario can be traced back to the overreactions of Lester. In the form of Lester Burdon, Dubus imbues his story with a potent warning against dishonestly with oneself. Only when a man truly understands himself and accepts his flaws can he attempt to overcome them.

Acquired Level of Competency of Nurses Essay

Background: Known to be the most effective method to develop professional nurses is through a strong preceptorship program. This research study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Preceptorship Program being implemented by Vicente Gullas Memorial Hospital. Method: Questionnaires measuring their competency comprising the Knowledge, Skill and Attitude were used to obtain responses from 67 nurse preceptees. The response rate of the survey was 167.5%. Findings and Conclusion: The Vicente Gullas Memorial Hospital’s Preceptorship Program was effective since it significantly produced 46.27% or 31 out 67 respondents who turned out to be Competent nurses. Moreover, there were 28.36% or 19 out of 67 who were Advanced Beginners and 8.96 or 6 out of 67 who were Proficient Nurses. In general, 83.56% or 56 out of 67 Novice Nurses were able to increase their knowledge, skills and attitude at the end of the program. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between the Nurse’s Skill and Attitude (r= 0.476; p < 0.05). Nurses who are confident with themselves tend to be more proactive and eager to perform nursing procedures which is why they are always willing to do the tasks being delegated or assigned to them. Contrary to what has mentioned, there was no correlation between the preceptee’s Knowledge and Skill (r= – 0.604) and Knowledge and Attitude (r= -0.149).

Are family businesses important in entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2187 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Critically discuss the suggestion that  family businesses are not important  to the study of entrepreneurship. Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2 Entrepreneurship a Deeper Examination à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 4 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 6 Bibliography .à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 8 Introduction The notion that family businesses are not relevant in the study of entrepreneurship represents a contention that mathematics is not relevant to accounting. The study of the factors that cause and create entrepreneurship starts with the study of the factors as to why people start busi nesses and that very foundation does not permit the elimination of any segment or sector of classification. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are family businesses important in entrepreneurship?" essay for you Create order In most cases, the decision to start a business involves some sort of family interaction, be it from a marriage perspective, or simply a single adult interfacing with relatives. Not that the foregoing is true in all instances, but it does represent a consideration whereby the elimination of the thought of segmenting family businesses from the field of study represented by entrepreneurship. In a recent study undertaken by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the GEM Global Report indicated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One Adult in Eleven is an Entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (PRNewswire, 2004). The foregoing statistic represents a telling correlation in the depth as well as breathe of entrepreneurship within the human condition. In order to examine the question, the words utilized in the formulation of the postulation need to be first be clarified. The definition of an entrepreneur has been a source of debate among economists, scholars, educators as well as policy makers since t he concept itself was first brought into the human lexicon in the early part of the 17th century. The most accepted definition is generally accepted as that of economist Joseph Schumpeter who stated that it is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ carrying out of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ enterprise and the individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (who) carry them outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  he termed entrepreneurs (Carton et al, 1998). Carton et al (1998) have expounded upon the definition provided by Schumpeter to define the entrepreneur as a person that identifies an opportunity and then puts together the needed resources to bring that opportunity into business operation. Equally important to an examination of the question of whether or not family businesses are, or are not important to a study of entrepreneurship is an understanding of what a family business is. This aspect is more complex as it represents a concept as well as business segment that has many variables. As such, it, as well as ent repreneurship shall be further examined and discussed within The following shall seek to examine the relative important of the foregoing with respect to family businesses and entrepreneurship through a study of said businesses as well as the theories and finding associated with examinations conducted to equate the relativity between the two. There are many definitions, or proposed definitions of a family businesses, however, the perspective with respect to the foregoing encompassed those which are the mom and pop shop located in a small town, to global empires such as Ford, Wal-Mart, and Levi Strauss, to name a few. Thus, the determination of which realm the context is in reference to is important in equating the question of entrepreneurship with respect to same. If it is taken to mean a business that is started by a family in whole or in part, meaning entire family participation from the inception, or just one member whereby family members or siblings where/are groomed to run the enterprise, then that is one connotation (Carter, 2000, Pp 155-165). Or, shall it mean an enterprise that is undertaken by a member of a family whereby family members either contribute to the business from the inception or join in later but the enterprise is later handed over to professional managers? If the later is taken into account then utilizing statistics gathered for the United States one would have to correlated that out of the 12.8 million self employed individuals as estimated in 2000 (National Association for the Self-Employed, 2001), fully seventy-four of the foregoing where married thus seemingly representing a quasi or de facto family business. Handler (1989, Pp 257- 276) indicated that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ defining the family firm is the first and most obvious challenge facing family business researchersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In 2000, Littunen et al (2000, P. 41) indicated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no widely accepted definition of a family bus inessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  has been categorized. Taking the broad view with regard to what constitutes a family business thus represents the categorization that shall be utilized herein. Another consideration in equating what constitutes a family business is the fact that in starting a business individuals utilize their own savings, then seek assistance and or funds from family members and or relatives, as well as associates and loan institutions (PRNewswire, 2004). But, in order to obtain a field of reference with respect to family business, Hollander et al (1988, Pp 145-164) states that it is broadly defined as a business that is either owned, or controlled or managed by one or more than one family member. A view shared by Hander (1989, Pp 257-276) and Carter, (2000, Pp 155-165). Donckels et al (1991, Pp 149-160) as a result of a study among 1132 small through medium size business enterprises in Europe conducted in eight countries found that they are averse to risk as well as being less oriented towards growth and that they utilized less socio-economic networks as well as being more conservative with regard to strategies when compared against firms that are non-family. The foregoing view is also taken by Daily et al (1993, P 82) who state that professional managed enterprises exhibit growth rates that are faster than family firms, and that they utilize strategies that are more growth oriented. Interestingly, Birkey (1986, Pp 36-43) as well as Ward (1987) state that a family business can only be assumed as such when there is a transfer of ownership and thus managerial involvement to the next generation as an intended aspect of its operation. In terms of the equating the level or levels of entrepreneurship that family businesses employ and or utilize, the question also has many variables. The research findings as reported by the study conducted by the GEM Global Report (PRNewswire, 2004) indicates that it takes an entrepreneurial spirit to start up an enterprise and attributes this to one adult in eleven as having this trait. Thus, a further examination of what consists the entrepreneurial level in terms is required. Entrepreneurship a Deeper Examination Given the broad definition of entrepreneurs as provided by Schumpeter (Carton et al, 1998), an refined by Carton et al (1998) to mean that the entrepreneur as a person that identifies an opportunity and then puts together the needed resources to bring that opportunity into business operation, the observations reached in the GEM Global Report (PRNewswire, 2004) has validity. Kautz (1999) stated that entrepreneurs have the ability to take a unique business idea and develop it, either by working as a member of a team, or individually, utilizing others, who also has the capacity to multi task and take on the various functions required in differing levels of capability. A distinction within the context of entrepreneur has been indicated by Richman (1997) who states that t he amateur entrepreneur is basically locally oriented, independent, tends to be self-reliant and utilizes an unorthodox business methodology. He states that the professional entrepreneur is characterized by being global in his view, has poses innovative as well as inquisitive attributes with a career oriented vent and is prepared to implement as well as carry through ideas and strategies developed. Some of the preceding can be attributed to family business, although it is a small percentage of the whole. Such examples have been illustrated in naming Ford, Wal-Mart, and Levi Strauss. Thus, the contributory aspects that individuals who comprise family businesses with respect to entrepreneurship can not be discounted as it represents a creative activity with new examples emerging all of the time. The context of the family business engages a more complex mixture of entrepreneurship in that the family structure itself is a variable included in the process. The foregoing also calls to mind those instances whereby an large enterprise is owned by family interests whose influence and appointment of a board constitutes a family business even though they are removed from the day to day operational aspects. The foregoing also applies to any instances whereby the influence of the originating family through the Board, holding companies or the like is a factor. The entrepreneurial enterprise represents a business seeking opportunities to profit from and grow and as such they are constantly on this quest through new products, services and market nuances as they develop (Churchill et al, 1994, p. 17). This culture generates a continued cycle in terms of renewal and examination of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products, goods or services, and thus the firm is always seeking to further expand and guard against stagnation. The process of entrepreneurship represents the seizing and or creating of an opportunity and pursuing it without regard as to whether there are the need ed resources or processes on hand (Low et al, 1988, Pp 139-161). The popular conception of entrepreneurship entails the individual who begins a new venture and sees to its growth, eventually resulting in its merger or sale or public offering. Such examples are noted by Bill Gates of Microsoft, Sam Walton of Wal-Mart, and Phil Knight of Nike. The fact is that entrepreneurs have a significantly different vision, and methodology than non-entrepreneurs and is illustrated by a number of studies conducted by Sashkin (1987, Pp 19-28) as well as Westley et al (1989, Pp 17-32) which discerned that entrepreneurs have the following general attributes in common; Vision, which is connected to a strategic emphasis, Vision that entails the implementation of communications as well as successful integration, Adaptation that is proactive and reveals innovation as well as a flexible response to conditions, The ability to detail and formalize an approach, Being able to generalize difficult aspects and weave through the complexities to arrive at solutions, The focus of profit orientation that is concerned with achieving positive financial results, And the understanding that risk taking is an integral aspect The preceding are attributes that can be found in all sizes and manner of family business enterprises. Conclusion The suggestion that family business are not important to the study of entrepreneurship represents a broad, complex and sweeping context that seemingly is based in the vision that such enterprises are small, local and run or operated by a few family members. The view does not take into account the potential for future growth and success as provided by numerous business examples whereby such modest beginnings lead to greater things. The notion of limiting the field of reference with respect to the question does not take into account the creativity, innovativeness and ingenuity that is the human condition. Denton et al (1989, Pp 67-69) as well as Hornaday (1992, Pp 12 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 23) see entrepreneurs as risk takers who represent the driving force of new as well as established ventures regardless of their size or complexity. Given Schumpeterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Carton et al, 1998) broad definition of entrepreneurship as later refined by Carton et al (1998) to mean a person that identifies an opportunity and then puts together the needed resources to bring that opportunity into business operation, discounting any segment that contributes to our understanding of the process might seemingly overlook an important context or contribution that furthers our understanding Bibliography Birkey, S. (1986). Succession in the family firm: The inheritorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view. Vol. 3, Issue 3. Journal of Small Business Management. Carter, Sara, Jones-Evans, Dylan (2000) Enterprise and Small Business. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0201398524 Carton, R.B, Hofer, C.W., Meeks, M.D. (1998). The Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship Operational Definitions of their Role in Society. https://www.sbaer.uca.edu/Research/1998/ICSB/k004.htm. Assessed 08-03-06 Churchill, N., Muzyka, D. (1994). 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